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626 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
626 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
## 0.必要条件
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在上一篇文章 [02.PVE初始化配置](./02.PVE初始化配置.md) 中,已初始化了 PVE 系统,接下来需要对 PVE 系统进一步调整。
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在 PVE 系统调整之前,请确认必要的软件包已经安装完成,本文后续命令均在 SSH 终端下执行。
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Debian 系统默认编辑器为 `nano` ,推荐将其更换为 `neovim` ,关于 [Neovim](https://neovim.io/) 的基础使用方法,请参阅:[Neovim 基础教程](https://cn.bing.com/search?q=Neovim+%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B) 。
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```bash
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## 修改系统默认编辑器(选择 nvim 所在条目,即可将 neovim 设为默认编辑器)
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$ update-alternatives --config editor
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#### 系统默认编辑器示例输出
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There are 3 choices for the alternative editor (providing /usr/bin/editor).
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Selection Path Priority Status
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------------------------------------------------------------
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* 0 /bin/nano 40 auto mode
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1 /bin/nano 40 manual mode
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2 /usr/bin/nvim 30 manual mode
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3 /usr/bin/vim.tiny 15 manual mode
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Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 2
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/nvim to provide /usr/bin/editor (editor) in manual mode
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```
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## 1.系统时区
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如果在安装 PVE 系统时选错了时区,导致系统时间和北京时间不一致,可以执行以下命令修正。
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若输出结果和北京时间一致,则代表修改正确。
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```bash
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## 修改系统时区
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$ timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
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## 检查系统时间
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$ date -R
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#### 系统时间示例输出
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Wed, 27 Aug 2025 15:12:21 +0800
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```
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Debian 系统常用 `systemd-timesyncd.service` 来同步时间,而 PVE 系统使用 `chrony.service` 来同步时间。
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为了使用国内的 NTP 服务器,需要对 `chrony.service` 进行配置,执行以下命令。
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```bash
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## 编辑 chrony 配置文件
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$ editor /etc/chrony/chrony.conf
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```
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在编辑器对话框中,将 `pool 2.debian.pool.ntp.org iburst` “注释” 掉,并添加国内的 NTP 服务器。
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```bash
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## chrony 配置项
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# Use Debian vendor zone.
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# pool 2.debian.pool.ntp.org iburst ## 在这行前面增加注释符 # 来注释
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# Use Custom vendor zone.
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pool ntp.aliyun.com iburst
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pool ntp.tencent.com iburst
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pool cn.pool.ntp.org iburst
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```
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保存该配置文件后,需重启 `chrony.service` ,并再次检查系统 NTP 服务器地址。
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```bash
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## 重启 chrony.service
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$ systemctl restart chrony.service
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## 检查系统 NTP 服务器
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$ chronyc sources -V
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#### 系统 NTP 服务器示例输出
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MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample
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===============================================================================
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^* 203.107.6.88 2 6 17 0 -875us[-2496us] +/- 22ms
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^- 106.55.184.199 2 6 17 3 -1331us[-1331us] +/- 50ms
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^- time.neu.edu.cn 2 6 17 8 +935us[ +935us] +/- 23ms
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^- 119.28.206.193 2 6 65 5 +33us[ +33us] +/- 65ms
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^- electrode.felixc.at 2 6 17 11 -1320us[-1320us] +/- 126ms
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^- dns1.synet.edu.cn 1 6 17 13 -44us[ -44us] +/- 22ms
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```
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## 2. CPU 调度器
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安装 `linux-cpupower` 后,需检查 CPU 当前调度器。
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```bash
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## 检查 CPU 当前调度器
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$ cpupower -c all frequency-info
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#### 设备 CPU - J4125 示例输出
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analyzing CPU 0:
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driver: intel_cpufreq
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CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
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CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
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maximum transition latency: 20.0 us
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hardware limits: 800 MHz - 2.70 GHz
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available cpufreq governors: conservative ondemand userspace powersave performance schedutil
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current policy: frequency should be within 800 MHz and 2.70 GHz.
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The governor "performance" may decide which speed to use
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within this range.
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current CPU frequency: Unable to call hardware
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current CPU frequency: 2.60 GHz (asserted by call to kernel)
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boost state support:
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Supported: yes
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Active: yes
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#### 设备 CPU - N100 示例输出
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analyzing CPU 0:
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driver: intel_pstate
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CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
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CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
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maximum transition latency: Cannot determine or is not supported.
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hardware limits: 800 MHz - 3.30 GHz
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available cpufreq governors: performance powersave
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current policy: frequency should be within 800 MHz and 3.30 GHz.
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The governor "performance" may decide which speed to use
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within this range.
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current CPU frequency: Unable to call hardware
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current CPU frequency: 2.00 GHz (asserted by call to kernel)
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boost state support:
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Supported: yes
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Active: yes
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```
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这里面主要关注两个点:
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- `driver` :CPU 调频驱动方案,例如 `intel_cpufreq` 或 `intel_pstate`
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- `governor` :调频策略中使用的调度器,例如 `performance`
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CPU 驱动一般不建议手动调整,而 `governor` 后面的参数表示 CPU 当前调度器设置。
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接下来,需要了解 CPU 支持的调度器有哪些,执行以下命令。
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```bash
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## 检查 CPU 调度器支持情况
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$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_available_governors
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#### 设备 CPU - J4125 示例输出
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conservative ondemand userspace powersave performance schedutil
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#### 设备 CPU - N100 示例输出
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performance powersave
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```
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根据 CPU 所使用的驱动不同,可选调度器也不同,至于每种调度器有什么优劣,欢迎大家深度挖掘。
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- CPU 驱动为 `intel_cpufreq` 时,推荐使用 `schedutil` 调度器。
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- CPU 驱动为 `intel_pstate` 时,推荐使用 `powersave` 调度器。
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本文使用 `powersave` 调度器创建 `cpupower` 的配置文件。
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```bash
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## 创建 cpupower 默认配置文件
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$ editor /etc/default/cpupower
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```
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在配置文件中输入以下内容,并保存。
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```bash
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# This configuration file is customized by fox,
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# Optimize system CPU governors.
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CPUPOWER_START_OPTS="frequency-set -g powersave"
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CPUPOWER_STOP_OPTS="frequency-set -g performance"
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```
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进一步创建 `cpupower` 服务配置文件,以满足系统自动化设置需求。
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```bash
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## 创建 cpupower.service 配置文件
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$ editor /etc/systemd/system/cpupower.service
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```
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在服务配置文件中输入以下内容,并保存。
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```bash
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# This configuration file is customized by fox,
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# Optimize for cpupower systemd service.
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[Unit]
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Description=Apply cpupower configuration
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ConditionVirtualization=!container
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After=syslog.target
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[Service]
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Type=oneshot
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EnvironmentFile=/etc/default/cpupower
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ExecStart=/usr/bin/cpupower $CPUPOWER_START_OPTS
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ExecStop=/usr/bin/cpupower $CPUPOWER_STOP_OPTS
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RemainAfterExit=yes
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[Install]
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WantedBy=multi-user.target
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```
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由于修改了服务项,需要执行以下命令进行重载。
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```bash
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## 服务重载
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$ systemctl daemon-reload
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```
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执行以下命令让 `cpupower` 服务开机自启动。
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```bash
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## 设置 cpupower 服务开机自启
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$ systemctl enable cpupower.service
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```
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修改完成后,需重启 PVE 服务器,并再次查看 CPU 调度器,检验配置文件是否生效。
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这里提供两个额外命令,方便实时查看 CPU 当前频率和温度状况。
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```bash
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## 查看 CPU 当前频率
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$ watch cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu[0-9]*/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq
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## 查看内部温度
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$ watch -d sensors
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```
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## 3. PVE 定时重启
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有时需要让 PVE 服务器周期性的定时重启,则可执行以下命令。
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参数表示每月 `1` 、 `16` 号的 `02:30` 执行系统重启命令。
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```bash
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## 查看系统定时任务
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$ crontab -l
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## 编辑系统定时任务,编辑器选择 nano
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$ crontab -e
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```
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在配置文件末尾,增加以下内容。
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```bash
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## 定时任务配置项
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30 2 1,16 * * /usr/sbin/reboot
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```
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## 4. PVE 自动更新
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### 4.1.系统定时器
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配置系统自动更新之前,需检查系统当前定时器状态。
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后续将手动调整该定时器的时间,使其每 `5` 天的 `01:30` 进行触发。
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```bash
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## 检查系统定时器
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$ systemctl status apt-daily-upgrade.timer
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#### 系统定时器示例输出
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● apt-daily-upgrade.timer - Daily apt upgrade and clean activities
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Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily-upgrade.timer; enabled; preset: enabled)
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Active: active (waiting) since Wed 2025-08-27 13:41:10 CST; 1h 37min ago
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Invocation: 26ebb62a4f6545998522fff8c4104b3e
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Trigger: Thu 2025-08-28 06:14:37 CST; 14h left
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Triggers: ● apt-daily-upgrade.service
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Aug 27 13:41:10 node01 systemd[1]: Started apt-daily-upgrade.timer - Daily apt upgrade and clean activities.
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```
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### 4.2.配置更新策略
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执行以下命令,启用系统自动更新。
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执行命令后,使用 “左右” 方向键进行选择,“回车” 键进行确认。
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```bash
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## 配置自动更新策略
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$ dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades
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## 选择 “是”
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<Yes>
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```
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进一步调整 `20auto-upgrades` 配置文件。
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```bash
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## 进入 apt 的配置目录
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$ cd /etc/apt/apt.conf.d
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## 编辑 20auto-upgrades 配置文件
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$ editor /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades
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```
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清空当前全部配置项后,输入以下内容,并保存。
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配置文件中,用来控制更新周期的参数为 `APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade` ,`5` 表示更新周期为 `5` 天。
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```bash
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## 系统更新周期配置项
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APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists "1";
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APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade "5";
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APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval "1";
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APT::Periodic::CleanInterval "1";
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```
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进一步调整 `50unattended-upgrades` 配置文件。
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```bash
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## 编辑 50unattended-upgrades 配置文件
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$ editor /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades
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```
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配置文件中,被修改的参数解释如下:
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- 启用了 Debian `trixie-updates` 相关更新。
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- 增加并启用 PVE 自有仓库的更新。
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- 增加并启用 PVE Ceph 仓库的更新,请按需启用。
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- 自动修复被打断的 Dpkg 安装。
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- 自动移除无用的的内核包。
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- 自动移除因更新而出现的无用依赖包。
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- 自动移除以前的无用依赖包。
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- 自动重启:开启。
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- 自动重启时间:`02:30` 。
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因为该配置文件很长,完整的配置文件可查看 [pve_50unattended_upgrades.conf](./src/pve/pve_50unattended_upgrades.conf) 以便对比。
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```bash
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## 删除以下行前面的注释符 // ,代表启用
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"origin=Debian,codename=${distro_codename}-updates";
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## 添加 PVE 系统更新项目
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"origin=Proxmox,codename=${distro_codename},label=Proxmox Debian Repository";
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## 按需添加 PVE Ceph 更新项目
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"origin=Proxmox,codename=${distro_codename},label=Proxmox Ceph 19 Squid Debian Repository";
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## 在配置文件末尾增加以下内容,代表启用,并调整参数
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Unattended-Upgrade::AutoFixInterruptedDpkg "true";
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Unattended-Upgrade::Remove-Unused-Kernel-Packages "true";
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Unattended-Upgrade::Remove-New-Unused-Dependencies "true";
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Unattended-Upgrade::Remove-Unused-Dependencies "true";
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Unattended-Upgrade::Automatic-Reboot "true";
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Unattended-Upgrade::Automatic-Reboot-Time "02:30";
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```
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### 4.3.重设触发器
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系统自动更新配置文件修改完成后,需要重设自动更新定时器,执行以下命令。
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完整的配置文件可查看 [pve_apt_daily_upgrade.conf](./src/pve/pve_apt_daily_upgrade.conf) 以便对比。
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```bash
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## 配置系统定时器
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$ systemctl edit apt-daily-upgrade.timer
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```
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根据配置文件中的提示,在中间空白处填入以下内容。
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```bash
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## 定时器配置项
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[Timer]
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OnCalendar=
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OnCalendar=01:30
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RandomizedDelaySec=0
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```
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设置完成后,重启自动更新触发器。
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```bash
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## 重启触发器
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$ systemctl restart apt-daily-upgrade.timer
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## 再次检查触发器状态
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$ systemctl status apt-daily-upgrade.timer
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#### 系统自动更新触发器示例输出
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● apt-daily-upgrade.timer - Daily apt upgrade and clean activities
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Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily-upgrade.timer; enabled; preset: enabled)
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Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/apt-daily-upgrade.timer.d
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└─override.conf
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Active: active (waiting) since Wed 2025-08-27 15:23:29 CST; 8s ago
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Invocation: e38354f06d284894b084a52e1f19af73
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Trigger: Thu 2025-08-28 01:30:00 CST; 10h left
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Triggers: ● apt-daily-upgrade.service
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Aug 27 15:23:29 node01 systemd[1]: Stopping apt-daily-upgrade.timer - Daily apt upgrade and clean activities...
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Aug 27 15:23:29 node01 systemd[1]: Started apt-daily-upgrade.timer - Daily apt upgrade and clean activities.
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```
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## 5.硬件直通
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### 5.1.修改 Grub
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参考官方文档 [qm_pci_passthrough](https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/pve-admin-guide.html#qm_pci_passthrough) 和 [Pci passthrough](https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Pci_passthrough) 开启 PVE 硬件直通功能。
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使用终端工具登录到 PVE 服务器,编辑系统 `Grub` 的配置文件 `/etc/default/grub` 。
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```bash
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## 编辑 Grub 配置文件
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$ editor /etc/default/grub
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```
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在编辑器对话框中修改 `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT` 参数,注意命令中间的空格。
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```bash
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## Intel 处理器添加参数
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GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet intel_iommu=on iommu=pt"
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```
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根据官方文档的说明,AMD 处理器下硬件直通功能将会自动打开,否则需要手动修改 `Grub` 配置文件。
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```bash
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## AMD 处理器添加参数
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GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet amd_iommu=on iommu=pt"
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```
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修改并保存后,需要更新系统 `Grub` 。
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```bash
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## 更新系统 Grub
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$ update-grub
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```
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### 5.2.添加内核模块
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编辑 **内核模块** 配置文件,增加必要的系统模块,执行以下命令。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
## 编辑系统配置文件
|
||
$ editor /etc/modules-load.d/10-server-modules.conf
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
在配置文件中输入以下内容,并保存。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
# This configuration file is customized by fox,
|
||
# Optimize vfio related modules at system boot.
|
||
|
||
vfio
|
||
vfio_iommu_type1
|
||
vfio_pci
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
执行以下命令更新 `initramfs` ,更新完成后,建议重启 PVE 服务器。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
## 更新 initramfs
|
||
$ update-initramfs -u -k all
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 5.3.检查硬件直通
|
||
|
||
PVE 服务器重启完成后,再次使用终端工具登录,并执行以下命令检查硬件直通状态。
|
||
|
||
主要查看 `IOMMU` 、 `Directed I/O` 或 `Interrupt Remapping` 的启用状态。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
## 检查系统硬件直通状态
|
||
$ dmesg | grep -e DMAR -e IOMMU -e AMD-Vi
|
||
|
||
#### 设备 CPU - J4125 示例输出
|
||
[ 0.008356] ACPI: DMAR 0x000000007953E000 0000A8 (v01 INTEL GLK-SOC 00000003 BRXT 0100000D)
|
||
[ 0.008406] ACPI: Reserving DMAR table memory at [mem 0x7953e000-0x7953e0a7]
|
||
[ 0.055618] AMD-Vi: Unknown option - 'on'
|
||
[ 0.220916] DMAR: Host address width 39
|
||
[ 0.220919] DMAR: DRHD base: 0x000000fed64000 flags: 0x0
|
||
[ 0.220939] DMAR: dmar0: reg_base_addr fed64000 ver 1:0 cap 1c0000c40660462 ecap 9e2ff0505e
|
||
[ 0.220944] DMAR: DRHD base: 0x000000fed65000 flags: 0x1
|
||
[ 0.220954] DMAR: dmar1: reg_base_addr fed65000 ver 1:0 cap d2008c40660462 ecap f050da
|
||
[ 0.220960] DMAR: RMRR base: 0x000000794a9000 end: 0x000000794c8fff
|
||
[ 0.220963] DMAR: RMRR base: 0x0000007b800000 end: 0x0000007fffffff
|
||
[ 0.220967] DMAR-IR: IOAPIC id 1 under DRHD base 0xfed65000 IOMMU 1
|
||
[ 0.220970] DMAR-IR: HPET id 0 under DRHD base 0xfed65000
|
||
[ 0.220973] DMAR-IR: Queued invalidation will be enabled to support x2apic and Intr-remapping.
|
||
[ 0.223069] DMAR-IR: Enabled IRQ remapping in x2apic mode
|
||
[ 0.493005] DMAR: No ATSR found
|
||
[ 0.493008] DMAR: No SATC found
|
||
[ 0.493010] DMAR: dmar0: Using Queued invalidation
|
||
[ 0.493018] DMAR: dmar1: Using Queued invalidation
|
||
[ 0.494092] DMAR: Intel(R) Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
检查系统 `IOMMU` 分组,执行以下命令。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
## 检查 IOMMU group
|
||
$ find /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/ -type l
|
||
|
||
#### 设备 CPU - J4125 示例输出
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/17/devices/0000:04:00.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/7/devices/0000:00:13.3
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/15/devices/0000:02:00.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/5/devices/0000:00:13.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/13/devices/0000:00:1f.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/13/devices/0000:00:1f.1
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/3/devices/0000:00:0f.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/11/devices/0000:00:17.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/11/devices/0000:00:17.3
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/11/devices/0000:00:17.1
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/11/devices/0000:00:17.2
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/1/devices/0000:00:00.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/18/devices/0000:05:00.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/8/devices/0000:00:14.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/16/devices/0000:03:00.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/6/devices/0000:00:13.2
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/14/devices/0000:01:00.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/4/devices/0000:00:12.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/12/devices/0000:00:1c.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/2/devices/0000:00:0e.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/10/devices/0000:00:15.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/0/devices/0000:00:02.0
|
||
/sys/kernel/iommu_groups/9/devices/0000:00:14.1
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 6. BTRFS 调整
|
||
|
||
**额外说明:**
|
||
|
||
1. 本节专为 `BTRFS` 单盘 `RAID0`(条带模式)安装的 PVE 系统设计,使用其他安装模式时,请跳过此节。
|
||
|
||
2. `BTRFS` 文件系统当前仍为技术预览状态,请谨慎操作。
|
||
|
||
3. 有关在 PVE 中使用 `BTRFS` 的详情,请参阅 [Proxmox VE - BTRFS](https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/BTRFS) 。
|
||
|
||
安装 PVE 时,若使用了 `BTRFS` 单盘 `RAID0` 的安装模式,系统默认未启用 swap 和 zstd 压缩,需要手动开启。
|
||
|
||
通常情况下,内存与 swap 的 **推荐** 比例为 `1:1` 。本机具有 `16GB` 内存,因此设置 `16GB` swap 空间。
|
||
|
||
执行以下命令,在 `BTRFS` 文件系统中创建子卷,并配置激活 swapfile 。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
## 创建用于存放交换文件的子卷
|
||
$ btrfs subvolume create /swap
|
||
|
||
## 在子卷中创建 16GB 的交换文件
|
||
$ btrfs filesystem mkswapfile --size 16g --uuid clear /swap/swapfile
|
||
|
||
## 激活交换文件
|
||
$ swapon /swap/swapfile
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
此时还需进一步修改系统的 `fstab` 配置文件,以启用 `BTRFS` 的 zstd 压缩功能并确保 swap 在系统启动时自动激活。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
## 编辑 fstab 配置文件
|
||
$ editor /etc/fstab
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
`fstab` 为系统关键配置文件,直接影响系统启动,修改此文件时,请注意以下几点:
|
||
|
||
- 仅修改根目录 `/` 对应的挂载选项,添加 `compress=zstd` 参数。
|
||
|
||
- 在文件末尾新增一行,添加 swap 的自动挂载。
|
||
|
||
- 请 **不要** 修改其余配置参数,尤其是设备的唯一标识符( `UUID` ),切勿修改。
|
||
|
||
修改完成后,示例如下。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
#### 系统 fstab 示例配置
|
||
|
||
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
|
||
|
||
UUID=<DO-NOT-EDIT-YOUR-UUID> / btrfs defaults,compress=zstd 0 1
|
||
|
||
UUID=<YOUR-UUID> /boot/efi vfat defaults 0 1
|
||
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
|
||
|
||
/swap/swapfile none swap defaults 0 0
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 7.系统清理
|
||
|
||
PVE 系统配置完成后,可执行以下命令,对系统进行清理。
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
## 清理系统软件包
|
||
$ apt clean && apt autoclean && apt autoremove --purge
|
||
|
||
## 清理系统缓存
|
||
$ bash -c 'find /var/cache/apt/ /var/lib/apt/lists/ /tmp/ -type f -print -delete'
|
||
|
||
## 清理系统日志
|
||
$ bash -c 'find /var/log/ -type f -print -delete'
|
||
|
||
## 清理命令历史记录文件
|
||
$ rm -rvf ~/.bash_history && history -c
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
至此 PVE 的系统调整已经完成。
|